MAINTENANCE & CONFINED SPACES.
180) Explain the practical measures that should be taken to ensure maintenance work is undertaken safely in an underground storage vessels.
Essential elements of PTW such as pre-cleaning, purging, testing, emergency provision, lighting, access & training.
PTW PROCEDURE:-
i) Pre-cleaning.
ii) Atmospheric testing.
iii) Competent Personnel.
iv) Suitable tools.
v) Adequate lighting.
vi) Appropriate PPE.
vii) Good communication system.
Emergency arrangement for safe evacuation of staff should the need arise.
181) A) Explain the meaning of term ‘Safe System of Work’.
“System involving integration of people, equipment, material & environment to produce an acceptable level of safety”.
B) Describe the enforcement action that could be taken when a safe system of work has not been implemented.
i) Improvement Notice.
ii) Prohibition Notice.
iii) Prosecution as the enforcement action.
182) A) Define the term ‘Permit to Work’.
“A formal documented control system applied to a high risk activity to ensure that all safely procedures are carried out”.
B) Outline ‘Three’ practical situations that may require a permit to work.
i) Confined space work.
ii) Working on high voltage electrical systems.
iii) ‘Hot Work’.
iv) Working at height.
v) Maintenance on dangerous plant.
NOISE
183) A) Outline & give examples of two technique to reduce exposure to noise.
i) Isolation:- for structure borne noise.
ii) Absorption:- using acoustic screen or buffers.
iii) Damping:- of vibrating panels by increased rigidity/ mass.
iv) Silencing:- at source by using pneumatic mufflers.
(Give examples & sketches).
B) Explain the term ‘daily personal noise exposure’ (Lep,d).
“Person exposed to the noise level while working daily i.e. for 8 hours.
184) A) Outline the control measures which should be taken under the noise at work regulations 1989 at the second action level.
i) Personal hearing protection & marked zones.
ii) Engineering controls.
iii) Assessment.
(Noise at work regulations 1989).
B) Explain the meaning of the term dB(A) in relation to noise level which in relation to noise measurement.
“Measuring unit of noise level which in relation to human ear on A-weighting scale”.
185) Explain the meaning of following terms in relation to noise control.
1) Silencing:- Refers to the suppression of noise generated by the flow of air, gas or stem in ducts and pipes, or when exhausted to the atmosphere, and is achieved by the inclusion of either absorptive material or baffles.
2) Absorption:- used to reduce the amount of reflected noise by using materials such as foam or mineral wool.
3) Damping:- used primarily to reduce the amount of noise radiating from large panels and is achieved by increasing the stiffness of the panels.
4) Isolation:- refers to the physical separation of people from the noise source (e.g. acoustic booth or havens) or to the reduction in structure borne noise by vibration isolation (i.e. flexible pipes or anti-vibration machine mounts.
186) A) Explain the meaning of following terms in relation to noise.
1) Frequency:- (pitch)- the number of wave fronts passing a given point in one second. It is expressed in terms of cycle per second, or Hertz, from the stand point of hearing, “The number of wave fronts hitting the ear drum in one second”.
2) Intensity:- (Sound Pressure Level)- Defined as ‘A’ measurement of the degree of compression of the wave fronts. It is measured in pounds per square inch, dynes per square centimeter, or the more familiar term decibels.
“Hoe hard the wave front hits the eardrum”.
B) Outline the two acute and two chronic health effects from exposure to noise.
1) Acute acoustic trauma:- from gunfire explosions, usually reversible, affects eardrum icicles.
2) Temporary threshold shift:- from short exposures, affecting the cochlea.
3) Tinnitus:- (ringing in the ears) results from intense stimulation of the auditory nerves, usually wears off within 24 hours.
4) Permanent threshold shift:- from long duration exposure, affects the cochlea and is irreversible.
5) Noise induced hearing loss:- from (typically) long duration exposure affects ability to hear human speech, irreversible, compensate able. It involves reduced hearing capability at the frequency of the noise that has caused the losses.
6) Pres mycosis:- is the term for hearing losses in older people. These have been thought to be due to aging in the middle ear icicles which causes a reduction in their ability.
C) Silencing:- refers to the suppression of noise generated by the flow of air, gas or stem in ducts or pipes, or when exhausted to the atmosphere, and is achieved by the inclusion of either absorptive material or baffles. Absorption is used to reduce the amount of reflected noise by using materials such as foam or mineral wool. Damping is used primarily to reduce the amount of noise radiating from large panels and is achieved by increasing the stiffness of the panels. And enclosure by surrounding the machine or other noise source with sound absorbing material, but the effect is limited unless to tal enclosure is achieved. Isolation refers to the physical separation of people from noise source (e.g. acoustic booths or havens), or to the reduction in structure borne noise by vibration machine mounts).
MANUAL HANDLING
187) a) With reference to the manual handling operations regulations 1992 (TILE), Explain the factors to be considered when assessing the risks associated with manual handling.
1) Task.
2) Individual.
3) Load.
4) Environment.
B) Outline the main features of a safe lifting technique.
1) Assessment of load.
2) Ensure smooth balanced actions at each stage without twisting or stretching movements.
3) Firm grip.
4) Load close to the body.
C) List the types of injury a safe lifting technique will help to avoid.
1) Slipped discs.
2) Hernias.
3) Torn ligaments.
4) Pulled muscles.
5) Crushed limbs.
D) Outline the factors that should be considered in an assessment of manual handling activities.
1) Task.
2) Individual.
3) Load.
4) Environment
188) A) List two types of injury that could be caused by incorrect manual handling of loads.
i) Spinal disc compression.
ii) Torn Ligaments.
iii) Dislocation.
iv) Hernia.
v) Crushing injury.
B) Outline a good handling technique that could be adopted by a person required to lift a load from the ground.
i) Assessment of load.
ii) Ensure smooth, balanced actions at each stage without twisting or stretching movements.
189) Outline the factors associated with the physical working environment that may affect the risk of injury when undertaking manual handling activities.
1) Space constraints.
2) Floor conditions (Slippery, uneven, or varying in height).
3) Extreme in temperature / humidity.
4) Air movements.
5) Lighting.
6) Excessive lifting or lowering distances.
DISPLAY SCREEN EQUIPMENT.
190) A) Outline possible effects on health associated with the use of display screen equipments.
1) Upper limb disorder.
2) Fatigue.
3) Stress.
4) Eye strain.
5) Epilepsy.
6) Facial Dermatitis.
7) Radiation effect.
B) Explain the measures to eliminate or reduce the effects in (A) Control measures.
1) Ergonomic aspects of workstation. (layout: chair, monitor, keyboard position).
2) Impact of environment: e.g. lighting & noise.
3) Work routine:- Breaks & change in work pattern.
4) ‘IT IS’.
191) Outline the factors that should be considered when designing a new workstations for a VDU operator.
1) Ergonomic approach:-
i) Selection of furniture.
ii) Hardware & software.
iii) Adjustability to suit individuals needs.
2) Environmental factors:-
i) Lighting.
ii) Glare.
iii) Humidity.
3) Office Hazards:-
i) Trailing leads.
ii) Workstation layout.
iii) legal requirement.
192) A) Explain the meaning of term ‘ergonomic’.
“Making a job fit to the person”.
“Designing a task suit the individual in terms of physical / mental capabilities & the individuals expectations”.
B) Outline the main factors to be considered in an ergonomic assessment of work station to be used by an operator of a visual display unit (VDU).
1) Equipment Design:-
Height & position of keyboard & screen, seating posture, design of chair, screen definition & colour, adjustability of equipment etc.
2) Environmental factors:-
Glare, temperature, humidity, work space, noise.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
193) A) Outline the factors to be considered when selecting respiratory protective equipment for use at work.
Concentration & physical form of contaminants.
Extent of exposure.
Degree of protection in relation to nominal protection factor.
Approved type CE marking.
Ergonomic considerations & wear comfort.
Wears trials & compatibility.
B) Outline the factors to be considered in the selection of eyeprotection for use at work.
Initial assessment in determining the appropriate type of eye protection.
194)A) Outline the requirements of PPE at work regulation 1992.
Assessment (risk determination).
Maintenance & replacement.
“IT IS”.
Ensuring proper use.
Employees ‘duties’ to use PPE provided and to report loss or defect.
B) Outline the factor which should be considered when selecting PPE.
Suitability of task.
Type of hazard: Chemical, impact, hot molten nature.
Exposure type: Dust, mist or vapour.
HEALTH SAFETY & MANAGEMENT.
195) Outline the topics that should be included in the ‘arrangements’ section of H & S policy documents.
Accident reporting procedures.
First aid arrangements.
Risk Assessment.
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196) Outline the factors that should be considered when auditing the effectiveness of compliance with an organizations H & S policy.
The quality, availability and understanding of the policy.
Use of site tours/inspections.
The relevance of performance indicators (e.g. accident/incident rates and audit score).
The use of training & maintenance records.
Cross check of health & safety arrangements against practical implementation.
197) Outline the topics that should be included in H & S Audit.
H & S Policy.
System for assessing risk.
Safety monitoring systems.
Emergency procedure.
Reporting procedures.
198) Outline the main topic areas that could be included in a H & S inspection of a work place.
Environmental conditions (temperature, light, noise).
Condition of traffic routes (including access & egress).
Internal transport.
Provision of safety signs.
Emergency equipment (first aid & fire extinguishers, etc.).
Welfare facilities (toilets & washrooms, canteens, smoker facility).
199) Outline ways in which an organization can monitor its H & S performance.
Reactive Measures:-
Analysis of accident & ill health records.
Civil claims.
Enforcement actions.
Proactive Measure:-
Result of safety inspections.
Health Surveillance.
Environmental monitoring records.
Assessment of H & S training.
Extent that risk assessments have been completed.
Benchmarking against other companies using formal audits.
200) Outline the items that may be included in the ‘arrangements’ section of a H & S policy document.
Arrangement for assessing risk.
Controlling exposure to specific hazards. (e.g. noise, radiation, hazardous substances manual handling etc.).
Monitoring the use of PPE.
Reporting accidents, unsafe conditions.
Controlling contractors, visitors, including authorized people.
Maintenance procedures.
Provision of welfare facilities.
Dealing with emergencies (e.g. fire, excavation).
Consultation with employees.
Dealing with waste etc.
Emergency evacuation.
NEBOSH IGC Question and Answers PART 11 Cont.....